Router Questions
Question 1
Explanation
To determine which scheme has been used to encrypt a specific password, check the digit preceding the encrypted string in the configuration file. If that digit is a 7, the password has been encrypted using the weak algorithm. If the digit is a 5, the password has been hashed using the stronger MD5 algorithm.
For example, in the configuration command:
enable secret 5 $1$iUjJ$cDZ03KKGh7mHfX2RSbDqP.
The enable secret has been hashed with MD5, whereas in the command:
username jdoe password 7 07362E590E1B1C041B1E124C0A2F2E206832752E1A01134D
The password has been encrypted using the weak reversible algorithm.
When we enter the “enable secret” command with a number after that, the IOS can specify that the password has been encrypted so it will not encrypt any more and accept that password.
In new Cisco IOS (v15+), it seems the device does not recognize “enable secret 7” command as encrypted password. We tried on Cisco IOS v15.4 and see this:
When we tried to enter the command “enable secret 7 07362E590E1B1C041B1E124C0A2F2E206832752E1A01134D”, the Cisco IOS automatically change the command to “enable secret 5 $1$dLq2$qgzb4bgdsasX8dx1oHOkD.” (in the running-config file). So if you paste an “enable secret 7 …” command from an old Cisco IOS version, you cannot login any more with your password.
Note: In fact, there is an error with the answer D. As we entered the command in answer D, the router denied the encrypted password because it was not a valid encrypted secret password. That means the router also checked if the password was hashed correctly or not. But it is the best answer in this question.
Question 2
Explanation
Excessive debugs to the console port of a router can cause the router to hang. This is because the router automatically prioritizes console output ahead of other router functions. Hence if the router is processing a large debug output to the console port, it may hang. Hence, if the debug output is excessive use the vty (telnet) ports or the log buffers to obtain your debugs.
Note: By default, logging is enabled on the console port. Hence, the console port always processes debug output even if you are actually using some other port or method (such as Aux, vty or buffer) to capture the output. Hence, Cisco recommends that, under normal operating conditions, you have the no logging console command enabled at all times and use other methods to capture debugs.
To enable logging logging on your virtual terminal connection (telnet), use the “terminal monitor” command under Privileged mode (Router#)
Question 3
Explanation
Per-packet load-balancing means that the router sends one packet for destination1 over the first path, the second packet for (the same) destination1 over the second path, and so on. Per-packet load balancing guarantees equal load across all links. However, there is potential that the packets may arrive out of order at the destination because differential delay may exist within the network -> Answer D is correct.
When searching the routing table, the router looks for the longest match for the destination IP address prefix. This is done at “process level” (known as process switching), which means that the lookup is considered as just another process queued among other CPU processes
Interrupt-level switching means that when a packet arrives, an interrupt is triggered which causes the CPU to postpone other tasks in order to handle that packet.
In general, process switching is faster then interrupt-level switching and can cause out-of-order packets.
Question 4
Explanation
The command “debug condition interface <interface>” command is used to disable debugging messages for all interfaces except the specified interface so in this case the debug output will be shown on Fa0/1 interface only.
Note: If in this question there was another “debug condition interface fa0/0” command configured then the answer should be C (both interfaces will show debugging ouput).
Question 5
Explanation
There are a few simple steps you can follow to ensure your VTY lines are as secure as possible. The easiest way is to enable username / password authentication. Other ways are to include an access-list to prevent unwanted IP addresses from connecting and use SSH to encrypt the traffic connecting to the device.
Question 6
Explanation
An Integrated Services Router(ISR) router can be implemented an Ethernet Switch Module to perform both IP routing and inter-VLAN routing. With this module, an ISR router will contain interface vlan configurations.
Question 7
Question 8
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Digitaltut is an error in explanation of Question 3
Interrupt context switching is faster that process switching and not process switching is faster than interrupt switching. That the ideea, interrupt switching use cache is faster with magnitude of 10
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/express-forwarding-cef/13706-20.html
http://www.mplsvpn.info/2008/11/interrupt-context-switching-vs-process.html
Regarding Q4 i agree with A nd C because of the following problem, founded on GNS3 (please if you can test on real routers, share exeperience):
– debug conditional interface g3/0
-deb ip eigrp noti or deb ip eigrp neigh
The output is shown on all interfaces where eigrp si enabled. This is not the case for ospf (is working).
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the answer for question Other than a working EIGRP configuration, which option must be the same on all routers
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D. Time
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For Q1, D is correct according to my lab test and the following source from Cisco:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_2/security/command/reference/fsecur_r/srfpass.html
Thanks!