Miscellaneous Questions
Question 1
Explanation
The command “clear ip route” clears one or more routes from both the unicast RIB (IP routing table) and all the module Forwarding Information Bases (FIBs).
Question 2
Explanation
The prefix-list “ip prefix-list name permit 10.8.0.0/16 ge 24 le 24” means
+ Check the first 16 bits of the prefix. It must be 10.8
+ The subnet mask must be greater or equal 24
+ The subnet mask must be less than or equal 24
-> The subnet mask must be exactly 24
Therefore the suitable prefix that is matched by above ip prefix-list should be 10.8.x.x/24
Question 3
Explanation
This is a new user (client) that has not been configured to accept SSL VPN connection. So that user must open a web browser, enter the URL and login successfully to be authenticated. A small software will also be downloaded and installed on the client computer for the first time. Next time the user can access file shares on that network normally.
Question 4
Explanation
Fragmentation and Path Maximum Transmission Unit Discovery (PMTUD) is a standardized technique to determine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size on the network path between two hosts, usually with the goal of avoiding IP fragmentation. PMTUD was originally intended for routers in IPv4. However, all modern operating systems use it on endpoints.
Note: IP fragmentation involves breaking a datagram into a number of pieces that can be reassembled later.
Question 5
Explanation
Bandwidth-delay product (BDP) is the maximum amount of data “in-transit” at any point in time, between two endpoints. In other words, it is the amount of data “in flight” needed to saturate the link. You can think the link between two devices as a pipe. The cross section of the pipe represents the bandwidth and the length of the pipe represents the delay (the propagation delay due to the length of the pipe).
Therefore the Volume of the pipe = Bandwidth x Delay. The volume of the pipe is also the BDP.
Return to our question, the formula to calculate BDP is:
BDP (bits) = total available bandwidth (bits/sec) * round trip time (sec) = 64,000 * 3 = 192,000 bits
-> BDP (bytes) = 192,000 / 8 = 24,000 bytes
Therefore we need 24KB to fulfill this link.
For your information, BDP is very important in TCP communication as it optimizes the use of bandwidth on a link. As you know, a disadvantage of TCP is it has to wait for an acknowledgment from the receiver before sending another data. The waiting time may be very long and we may not utilize full bandwidth of the link for the transmission.
Based on BDP, the sending host can increase the number of data sent on a link (usually by increasing the window size). In other words, the sending host can fill the whole pipe with data and no bandwidth is wasted.
Question 6
Question 7
Explanation
Asymmetric routing is the scenario in which outing packet is through a path, returning packet is through another path. VRRP can cause asymmetric routing occur, for example:
R1 and R2 are the two routers in the local internal LAN network that are running VRRP. R1 is the master router and R2 is the backup router.
These two routers are connected to an ISP gateway router, by using BGP. This topology provides two possible outgoing and incoming paths for the traffic.
Suppose the outgoing traffic is sent through R1 but VRRP failover occurs, R2 becomes the new master router -> traffic passing through R2 instead -> asymmetric routing occurs.
Question 8
Question 9
Qu 9 Reasons:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_filtering
Economic reasons[edit]
When a site is multihomed, announcing non-local routes to a neighbour different from the one it was learned from amounts to advertising the willingness to serve for transit, which is undesirable unless suitable agreements are in place. Applying output filtering on these routes avoids this issue.
Security reasons[edit]
An ISP will typically perform input filtering on routes learned from a customer to restrict them to the addresses actually assigned to that customer. Doing so makes address hijacking more difficult.
Similarly, an ISP will perform input filtering on routes learned from other ISPs to protect its customers from address hijacking.
Technical reasons[edit]
In some cases, routers have insufficient amounts of main memory to hold the full global BGP table. A simple work-around is to perform input filtering, thus limiting the local route database to a subset of the global table.[1] This can be done by filtering on prefix length (eliminating all routes for prefixes longer than a given value), on AS count, or on some combination of the two; security is the most important point for this.
However, this practice is not recommended, as it can cause suboptimal routing[2] or even communication failures with small networks[citation needed], and frustrate the traffic-engineering efforts of one’s peers.
Passed 9xx. very easy.
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Passed with the 21q dumps, all questions were from there.
Confirming the 440q dumps are valid. I used the ones from it Libaries.
@Buck- The document shared has 416 Questions. Were these enough to pass?
Smashed my route exam today, 9xx used the dumps from it libraries and tut.
Q7: In which scenario can asymmetric routing occur?
In Dexter Dump the answer is A: active/active firewall setup
Any gues?
Passed, if you go the exam study the 440q dumps.
Q7 in dexter dumps show option A. active/active firewall setup as correct answer please confirm the correct answer
for Q7, is it active/active firewall or the one is marked as correct here?
any update for Question 7 which is correct A or D. Please someone guide us
https://www.cisco.com/web/services/news/ts_newsletter/tech/chalktalk/archives/200903.html
About Q7. I guess answer is D. A firewall is not the REASON for asymmetric routing itself. Yes, we can have a issue with firewall and asymmetric routing, but the question asks about the ASR occuring, NOT about problems with ASR and firewall. ASR can occur with redundancy paths and load balancing. See Official Cert Guide, Chapter 1. So, I think, best answer is D (about VRRP).
I hope Marcus is here.
anyone else could help me?
I don’t understand why question 6 answer cannot be C. speed duplex link issues
I remember last time I have speed issue and it cause the VoIP quality suffer.
after I set the speed of that that specific port to a fix speed and full duplex then solve the issue.
@unstoppable, the questions says “out-of-order”. In case with speed or duplex issues you would have a packet drops, not out-of-order. UDP doesn’t care about packet retransmission itself, so it would not happens without intervention of upper-level protocols. Besides, with VoIP traffic a retransmission doesn’t have a sense. So, the most obvious answer is “load balancing”, as mentioned in dump. I think it’s correct answer.
Q7
In which scenario can asymmetric routing occur?
A. active/active firewall setup
B. single path in and out of the network.
C. active/standby firewall setup
D. redundant routers running VRRP
Answer is A 100% see below
Asymmetric Routing Support in Active Active Mode
In general, avoid asymmetric routing in a firewall design solution. The ASR feature is purely to protect issues such as link failovers. Note that even though state is shared between the Active and Standby firewalls periodically, it is possible to have race conditions, which could cause connections to be dropped.
Active/Active failover with ASR is a design advantage for parallel paths across firewalls with the same security rule sets. Care should be taken for Active/Active redundancy and the Layer 3 network symmetry. This depends on each environment, and limitations may arise based on individual scenarios.
https://www.ccexpert.us/interface-vlan/asymmetric-routing-support-in-activeactive-mode.html
Please digitaltut Correct the issue Answer is A
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A network engineer receives reports about poor voice quality issues at a remote site. The network engineer does a packet capture and sees out-of-order packets being delivered. Which option can cause the VOIP quality to suffer?
A. traffic over backup redundant links
B. misconfigured voice vlan
C. speed duplex link issues
D. load balancing over redundant links
What’s the difference between A and D ???
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Hello Guys I’m not so sure question 7 answer VRRP can cause asys routing it’s right. I think active/active firewall setup could do it, what do you think about? Thanks.
I’m also unsure of the asymmetric routing one, active\active firewall or vrrp I think at the moment I’d go with vrrp?
Q7: I’m going with Active/Active if this pops on exam day. VRRP isn’t true asymmetric routing. One router, in a traditional setup, doesn’t even forward packets. It will certainly kick in should the higher priority router go offline, but they share the same logical information and appear to be the exact same device to network devices. An active/active firewall setup can absolutely route packets separately from when the packet came in to when it leaves and can cause other problems if packet state is tracked by those firewalls as a packet leaves (thus, the return packet hits the second firewall, the state isn’t found, and dropped).
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on question 5, where does the number 8 come from?
Please correct answers on Q9, it should be:
What are three reasons to control routing updates via route filtering? (Choose three)
A. to hide certain networks from the rest of organization
B. for easier implementations
C. to control network overhead on the wire
D. for simple security
E. to prevent adjacencies from forming
Answer: C D E
I believe the answer to Q9 is correct. As far as i know you only configure the interface as passive if you want to prevent adjacencies from forming, not route filtering. So I would definitely not choose E